Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) will result in better health outcomes. However, studies investigating such adherence usually examine only part of adherence requirements: They study the number of pills taken, but not whether they were taken in accordance with other requirements, such as taking pills on a schedule and with food requirements. This study, conducted in 2004–2005 in four Rwandan health facilities, found indications that pill combination type was a more important indicator of adherence than the burden of having to take numerous pills. In addition, while 92–98% of study participants reported meeting pill-count requirements, only 69–73% met schedule and food requirements. The report details adherence by treatment type, and the analysis explains associations with such factors as social support and urban versus rural settings.