This report presents the findings of a study conducted at 16 healthcare sites in Zambia offering voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (P-MTCT), and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. The study period, including design, implementation, and data analysis, was April to June 2003. The purpose of the study was to assist the Government of Zambia in determining whether it will have sufficient staff to be able to scale up VCT, P-MTCT, and ARV treatment to reach its targeted numbers of clients. The report analyzes the time taken to carry out the prescribed tasks involved in each of the services, analyzes the extent to which the services are following the national service delivery standards, describes the present workforce involved in providing these services, and analyzes the human resource costs associated with the present workforce arrangements. It then uses these findings to project the staffing and related staffing costs of scaling up services. Zambia has been piloting P-MTCT and ARV therapy at a number of sites. In 2004, the Government anticipates receiving around US$ 20 million as the first tranche of its Global Fund award and plans to scale up P-MTCT services across the whole country and to treat 10,000 HIV-positive persons with ARV therapy. At the same time, however, Zambia is experiencing critical shortages in its human resources for health, and the Central Board of Health (CBoH) is concerned about the human resource implications of the intended and eagerly awaited scale-up of HIV/ AIDS treatment. This study was commissioned by the CBoH to assist it in considering strategies for scale-up of HIV/AIDS services. Data were collected at 16 government, nongovernmental organization, and private, for-profit sites across the country currently providing VCT, P-MTCT, and ARV services. Data were collected through timed observations of service provider-client interactions for service delivery, through record reviews, and through interviews with site managers and staff. (author's)